Otto Rank Essay Research Paper Otto Rosenfield free essay sample

Otto Rank Essay, Research Paper Otto ( Rosenfield ) Rank was born in Vienna, Austria on April 27, 1884. Otto changed his name to # 8220 ; Rank # 8221 ; in immature maturity. He felt that this symbolized ego # 8211 ; creative activity, which is his chief ideal in life. Otto # 8217 ; s household was non affluent plenty to direct him and his brother to college, so Otto became a locksmith while his older brother studied jurisprudence. He loved music, art, composing verse forms, reading doctrine and literature. After reading Freud # 8217 ; s Interpretation of Dreams, Otto used psychoanalytic thoughts in his manuscript on the creative person. Otto met Sigmund Freud in 1905 through his household physician, Alfred Adler. This meeting was to turn out really of import for Otto. He took along with him a manuscript of his now published book Art and Artist, which is an effort to explicate art with psychoanalytic rules. Freud was really impressed with the immature Otto and encouraged him to prosecute a Doctorate Degree in L iterature at the University of Vienna. We will write a custom essay sample on Otto Rank Essay Research Paper Otto Rosenfield or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With the aid of Freud, Otto did go to the University of Vienna, and in 1912 received his doctors degree in doctrine. He was 28. Rank was one of Freud # 8217 ; s favourite adherents. He used to name him # 8220 ; small Rank # 8221 ; because he was merely 5 # 8217 ; 3 # 8221 ; tall. ( www.ottorank.com ) Although Freud had discouraged Otto from prosecuting a medical calling, he frequently addressed him as Dr. Rank and referred patients to him. Rank was the secretary and editor of proceedingss for the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society until 1924. In 1924 Rank published the book The Trauma of Birth. This book argued that the passage from the uterus to the outside universe caused great anxiousnesss in the baby that may prevail as anxiousness neuroticism into maturity. ( www.britannica.com ) This book caused great contention with the fellow Freudians because it challenged Freud # 8217 ; s constructs. This book is what caused his interruption with Freud and with the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. He so moved to the United States and continued to learn and pattern his theories. Otto developed a construct similar to Freud # 8217 ; s self-importance, which he called the # 8220 ; Will # 8221 ; . Merely as the self-importance is the go-between in Freud # 8217 ; s theory, the will is along these same thoughts. The will acts as a directing power in personality. It is seen as a positive force for commanding and utilizing a individual # 8217 ; s natural wants. Rank thought this to be a good tool for assisting his patients with self-discovery and development. ( www.britanica.com ) He believed that the stronger a individual # 8217 ; s will was, the more adjusted that individual would go. Rank believed that we are born with a will to be ourselves and to be free. He besides believed that the result of our battle for this freedom determines what sort of individual we will go. He gave three basic personality types that are associated with the type of will we hold. The Types are Adapted, Neurotic, and Productive. The altered type is what Rank would name the mean Joe. They obey the regulations of their society, authorization and deny most of their sexual urges. # 8220 ; These people learn to will what they have been forced to do. # 8221 ; ( George Boree ) So fundamentally these people are merely the mean anybody. They are the bluish neckband, revenue enhancement paying, difficult working, Americans who are merely every bit good adjusted as they need to be, no more, no lupus erythematosus. The neurotic type, as described by Rank, are those who have a stronger will than the mean individual. # 8220 ; The neurotic suffers basically from the fact that he can non or will non accept himself. # 8221 ; ( Rank Art and Artist ) However, their battle is invariably an internal vs. external conflict. # 8220 ; They tend to worry and experience guilty about being so # 8220 ; wilful # 8221 ; . # 8221 ; ( Boree ) They besides tend to be higher developed morally. These are the do gooders of our lives. These are the people who try so difficult to be good adjusted that they tend to # 8220 ; spaz # 8221 ; . I do understand though that they are better adjusted because they are invariably believing about it. The Productive type has besides been referred to as the creative person, the creative, the mastermind, and the human being. These types accept themselves for who they are and don # 8217 ; t conflict for their ain being. # 8220 ; The creative person non merely accepts his personality but goes far beyond it. # 8221 ; ( Rank Art an Artist ) The creative person created himself and so goes on to make a new universe as good. ( Boeree ) I am glad that Otto thought so extremely of originative people and creative persons because I agree that without them there would be no new or vitamin E xciting images for us to bask. Among Otto # 8217 ; s most good known Hagiographas are The Myth of the Birth of the Hero 1909, Will Therapy and Truth and Reality 1930, A ; Art and Artist 1932. These are the plants that I will look at briefly. The Myth of the Birth of the Hero tells the short essay signifier of many Christian and Pagan heroes. The book contains the myths of Grecian Supreme beings such as Hercules and of Christian Saints like Jesus Christ. The book is more of a history of the narratives, stating them in a dry, chronological mode. Otto provinces in his debut, # 8220 ; These myths will be given in brief signifier every bit far as relevant for this probe, with statements refering provenance. # 8221 ; He proceeds to give many illustration narratives of heroes. He so gives a standard expression for any given hero narrative. # 8220 ; The hero is normally a kid of distinguished parents: a male monarch or goddess. His beginning is preceded by troubles, such as celibacy, or drawn-out barrenness, or secret intercourse of the parents, due to external prohibition or obstructions. During the gestation there is normally some sort of dream that is interpreted as a prognostication admonishing against his birth, and normally endangering to the male parent. He is so by and large sent out in the universe through the H2O and is rescued by Shepard people who take him in and raise him as their ain. After he is adult, he finds these distinguished parents and takes retaliation on the male parent, he besides takes his topographic point as a distinguished man. # 8221 ; ( Paraphrased from Rank Myth and Birth of Hero ) Will Therapy and Truth and Reality were published in 1930, 21 old ages after the hero book. It is a combination of two books put together. It consists of three parts: Will therapy portion one ; The patient # 8217 ; s reaction to the curative state of affairs, Will therapy portion two ; The healer and the neurotic as complimentary types, A ; Truth and Reality. In portion one Rank negotiations about utilizing the analysis in the present instead than live overing the past, re-establishing ties with the biological female parent and the terminal of intervention as a curative measure in the procedure. ( Taft, Translators intro Will Therapy ) Part two discusses the relationship between the patient and physician. He picked up on things like where the physician sits or what he does while the patient negotiations and how this effects the therapy. Truth and Reality discusses the person and his creativity, his will and what he experiences. Art and Artist explores the human creativity and how an artist portions his psyche with us through his art. Otto negotiations about how done art we produce faith, myths and societal construction. He besides believed that creative persons were the most good adjusted people because they accept who they are and they set out to demo everyone what they could make. They create things in their ain image. # 8220 ; The creative person has a peculiarly strong inclination towards glory of his ain will. Unlike the remainder of us he feels compelled to refashion world in his ain image. # 8221 ; ( Art and Artist, Rank ) I had neer heard of Otto Rank before I decided to compose this paper. I came across his name by accident on a psychological science web page. He was a really challenging adult male with realistic theories that even I the skeptic can understand. I wish we could hold learned about him in category. He took what he could from Freud # 8217 ; s position and used it to make his ain that made more sense. He lost many friends and colleges by making this. However his theories about the will, and creativeness appealed to people like Carl Rogers and Paul Goodman, and Myself. ( Paraphrased Kramer ) Otto Rank died at the age of 55 in New York in the twelvemonth 1939, one month after Freud # 8217 ; s Death in London. ( www.ottorank.com ) 596 www.britannica.com keyword: Otto Rank. 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. www.ottorank.com E James Lieberman. Last update 03/18/00 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/rank.html Dr. C. George Boeree Copyright 1997. Kramer, Robert. A Psychology of Difference: The American Lectures by Otto Rank. Princeton University Press 1996. Rank, Otto. Art and Artist. W.W. Norton A ; Co. New York, 1989. Rank, Otto. The Myth of the Birth of the Hero. The Journal of the Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company. New York, 1914. Rank, Otto. Will Therapy and Truth and Reality. Alfred and Knopf. New York, 1947.

Sally Hemings Her Relationship With Thomas Jefferson

Sally Hemings Her Relationship With Thomas Jefferson An important note on terms: the term mistress refers to a woman who lived with and was sexually involved with a married man. It does not always imply that the woman did so voluntarily or was completely free to make the choice; women through the ages have been pressured or forced into being mistresses of powerful men. If it was true and examine the evidence outlined below that Sally Hemings had children by Thomas Jefferson, it is also undoubtedly true that she was enslaved by Jefferson (for all but a brief time in France) and that she had no legal ability to choose whether or not to have a sexual relationship with him. Thus, the often-used meaning of mistress in which the woman chooses to have a relationship with a married man would not apply. In the Richmond Recorder in 1802, James Thomson Callendar first began to publicly allege that Thomas Jefferson kept one of his slaves as his concubine and fathered children with her. The name of SALLY will walk down to posterity alongside Mr. Jeffersons own name, Callendar wrote in one of his articles on the scandal. Who Was Sally Hemings? What is known of Sally Hemings? She was a slave owned by Thomas Jefferson, inherited through his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson (October 19/30, 1748 - September 6, 1782) when her father died. Sallys mother Betsy or Betty was said to be the daughter of a black slave woman and a white ship captain; Betsys children were said to have been fathered by her owner, John Wayles, making Sally a half-sister of Jeffersons wife. From 1784, Sally apparently served as a maid and companion of Mary Jefferson, Jeffersons youngest daughter. In 1787, Jefferson, serving the new United States government as a diplomat in Paris, sent for his younger daughter to join him, and Sally was sent with Mary. After a brief stop in London to stay with John and Abigail Adams, Sally and Mary arrived in Paris. Why Do People Think Sally Hemings Was Jefferson's Mistress? Whether Sally (and Mary) lived at the Jefferson apartments or the convent school is uncertain. What is fairly certain is that Sally took French lessons and may also have trained as a laundress. What is certain is that in France, Sally was free according to French law. What is alleged, and not known except by implication, is that Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings began an intimate relationship in Paris, Sally returning to the United States pregnant, Jefferson promising to free any of her (their) children when they reached the age of 21. What little evidence there is of a child born to Sally after her return from France is mixed: some sources say the child died quite young (the Hemings family tradition). What is more certain is that Sally had six other children. Their birth dates are recorded in Jeffersons Farm Book or in letters he wrote. DNA tests in 1998, and a careful rendering of the birth dates and Jeffersons well-documented travels puts Jefferson at Monticello during a conception window for each of the children born to Sally. The very light skin and the resemblance of several of Sallys children to Thomas Jefferson were remarked upon by a good number of those who were present at Monticello. Other possible fathers were either eliminated by the 1998 DNA tests on male-line descendants (the Carr brothers) or dismissed because of internal inconsistencies in the evidence. For example, an overseer reported seeing a man (not Jefferson) coming from Sallys room regularly but the overseer did not start working at Monticello until five years after the time of those visits. Sally served, probably, as a chambermaid at Monticello, also doing light sewing. The affair was revealed publicly by James Callender after Jefferson refused him a job. There is no reason to believe she left Monticello until after Jeffersons death when she went to live with her son Eston. When Eston moved away, she spent her last two years living on her own. There is some evidence that he asked his daughter, Martha, to give Sally her time, an informal way to free a slave in Virginia which would prevent the imposition of the 1805 Virginia law requiring freed slaves to move out of the state. Sally Hemings is recorded in the 1833 census as a free woman. Bibliography Sally Hemings: Redefining History. A video from AE/Biography: Here is the complete story of the woman at the center of the first presidential sex scandal. (DVD or VHS)Jeffersons Secrets: Death and Desire in Monticello.  Andrew Burstein, 2005.  (compare prices)Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy: Annette Gordon-Reed and Midori Takagi, reprint 1998.  (compare prices)Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture: Jan Lewis, Peter S. Onuf, and Jane E. Lewis, editors, 1999.  (compare prices)Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History: Fawn M. Brodie, trade paperback, reprint 1998.A President in the Family: Thomas Jefferson, Sally Hemings, and Thomas Woodson: Byron W. Woodson, 2001.(compare prices)Sally Hemings: An American Scandal: The Struggle to Tell the Controversial True Story.  Tina Andrews, 2002.Anatomy of a Scandal: Thomas Jefferson and the Sally Story.  Ã‚  Rebecca L. McMurry, 2002.The Jefferson-Hemings Myth: An American Trave sty.  Ã‚  The Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, Eyler Robert Coates Sr., 2001 The Jefferson Scandals: A Rebuttal.  Ã‚  Virginus Dabs, Reprint, 1991.Jeffersons Children: The Story of an American Family.  Shannon Lanier, Jane Feldman, 2000.   For young adults.Sally Hemings: Barbara Chase-Riboud, reprint 2000. Historical fiction.

Gram Definition and Examples in Science

Gram Definition and Examples in Science A gram is a unit of mass in the metric system defined as one thousandth (1 x 10-3) of a kilogram. Originally, the gram was defined as a unit equal to the mass of one cubic centimeter of pure water at 4 °C (the temperature at which water has maximum density). The definition was changed when the base units for the International System of Units (SI) were redefined by the 26th General Conference of Weights and Measures. The change went into effect May 20, 2019. The symbol for the gram is the lowercase letter g. Incorrect symbols include gr (the symbol for grains), Gm (the symbol for the gigameter), and gm (easily confused with the symbol for the gram-meter, gâ‹…m). Gram may also be spelled gramme. Key Takeaways: Gram Definition The gram is a unit of mass.One gram is one thousandth the mass of one kilogram. The previous definition of the gram was the absolute weight of a 1-centimeter cube of pure water at 4  °C.The symbol for the gram is g.The gram is a small unit of mass. It is approximately the mass of one small paper clip. Examples of Gram Weight Because a gram is a small unit of weight, its size may be difficult for many people to visualize. Here are common examples of objects that have about one gram of mass: A small paperclipA thumbtackA piece of chewing gumOne US billA pen capOne cubic centimeter (milliliter) of waterA quarter teaspoon of sugar Useful Gram Conversion Factors Grams may be converted into several other units of measurement. Some common conversion factors include: 1 gram (1 g) 5 carats (5 ct)1 gram (1 g) 10-3 kilograms (10-3 kg)1 gram (1 g) 15.43236 grains (gr)1 troy ounce (ozt) 31.1035 g1 gram 8.98755179Ãâ€"1013 joules (J)500 grams 1 Jin (Chinese unit of measurement)1 avoirdupois ounce (oz) 28.3495 grams (g) Uses of the Gram The gram is widely used in science, particular chemistry and physics. Outside of the United States, the gram is used to measure non-liquid cooking ingredients and produce (e.g., flour, sugar, bananas). Relative composition for food nutrition labels is stated per 100 grams of product, even within the United States. History of the Gram In 1795, the French National Convention replaced the gravet with the gramme in the metric system. While the term changed, the definition remained that of the weight of one cubic centimeter of water. The word gramme came from the Latin word gramma which in turn derived from the Greek word grmma. The grmma was a unit used in Late Antiquity (around the 4th century AD) equal to two oboli (Greek coins) or one twenty-fourth part of an ounce. The gram was a fundamental unit of mass in the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system in the 19th century. The meter-kilogram-second (MKS) system of units was proposed in 1901, but the CGS and MKS systems co-exists throughout the early to mid 20th century. The MKS system became the system of base units in 1960. However, the gram was still defined based on the mass of water. In 2019, the gram was defined based on the kilogram. The kilogram has a mass almost exactly equal to that of one liter of water, but its definition has been refined, too. In 2018, Plancks constant was defined. This allowed definition of the kilogram in terms of the second and the meter. Plancks constant h  is defined to be  6.62607015Ãâ€"10−34  and equal to one kilogram meter squared per second (kgâ‹…m2â‹…s−1). Even so, standard masses for the kilogram still exist and are used as secondary standards for kilogram and gram weights. For all practical purposes, a liter of pure water has a mas s of one kilogram and a milliliter of pure water has the mass of one gram. Sources Materese, Robin (November 16, 2018). Historic Vote Ties Kilogram and Other Units to Natural Constants. NIST.  National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027.

Movies and Movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Movies and Movements - Essay Example Human history is full of moments when collective effort was needed to address public concerns. And the history of films is full of examples when the medium was used to rally collective effort. Such movies never failed to get the attention of people and stir them to action. The ability of movies to influence mass audiences has been made use of for a long time. Since the 30s and the 40s movies were used to glorify western culture, to strengthen religion and faith, to celebrate freedom, to decry communism and collectivism and to extol individual achievement and the American Dream. For many Americans the 1930s was a period of contradiction. What started out as the land of dreams was slowly playing out as a land of nightmares. Democracy, capitalism, individualism and the optimism that was based on them were all proving to be myths. Milk, honey and the good life were all mere dreams; reality was a dire struggle for survival. You simply had to see it to believe that such suffering could have existed in America. (Sutton) In the decades that preceded the 1930s settlers from the North and East flocked to the southern plains lured by the promise of an abundance of fertile soil and a happy life. The first few years looked as if they were on the way to achieving their dream. And then came a period of extended drought, which arguably is the worst drought of America. It was a double whammy of sorts. ... Desperate, many of them had to pack up and leave with their families, in search of work, to provide for their families. "The Dust Bowl was the result of a series of dust storms in the central United States and Canada from 1931 to 1939, caused by decades of inappropriate farming techniques" (Dust Bowl) Although there was both government and private effort to help ease the situation, farming communities were not able to tide things over. "Private charities like the Red Cross also helped, but in general the level of assistance available prior to 1933 was minimal (Gregory 14)". People relocated. Often this relocation was as much a nightmare as their life in the dust bowl. But ultimately true grit and hope in the face of adversity were the qualities helped farmers to weather this period. This is the message that films like "The Grapes of Wrath" carried to the suffering masses. 3 The Grapes of Wrath The film explicitly depicts the socio-economic impact of the Great Depression, and the drought of the 1930s on the thousands of displaced farmers from Oklahoma, Colorado, the Texas Panhandle and Western Kansas farmers in general and one family in particular - the Joads. The opening scene is set in Oklahoma. It shows a figure walking in the distance. The figure is Tom Joad on his way back to his family's sharecropping farm. Tom hitches a ride part of the way and then he encounters Jim Casey on the road sitting under a willow tree. Casey is an ex-preacher and together they head towards Tom's farm. When they reach the decrepit Joad cabin they find nobody there. A few moments later a figure emerges from the shadow. He is Muley Graves one of Tom's neighbors. Muley Graves is an instance of an individual who is so shattered at having lost his land that he is literally

Business Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Writing - Essay Example This minimizes disputes, since unrecorded conversations can be distorted or forgotten, and can easily be retrieved when categorized and stored properly. Although a memo is an informal letter, it should still indicate relevant information so that receiving parties can act accordingly. Such information includes the addressees of the memo, date, name of the sender and most importantly, the subject of the matter. A memo can be distributed internally or posted in the company's bulletin board. On the other hand, a business letter is very formal because more likely than not, it is intended for external parties. As such, the format of a letter differs greatly from that of a memo. A business letter includes the recipient's name and address, date, salutation, subject, body of the letter, complimentary close and signature of the sender. Sometimes, an enclosure is included if required. In addition, a business letter must be printed using the company's letterhead. The writing method used in a business letter should be formal, polite and serious to indicate the level of professionalism. The content of a business letter should also be clear and concise. A business letter is usually sent by post or courier.

Diseases :: essays papers

Diseases Diseases are any harmful change that interferes with the normal appearance, structure, or function of the body or any of its parts. Since time immemorial, disease has played a role in the history of societies. It has affected and has been affected by economic conditions, wars, and natural disasters. An epidemic of influenza that swept the globe in 1918 killed between 20 million and 40 million people. Within a few months, more than 500,000 Americans died^more than were killed during World War I (1914-1918), World War II (1939-1945), the Korean War (1950-1953), and the Vietnam War (1959-1975) combined. Diseases have diverse causes, which can be classified into two broad groups: communicable and noncommunicable. Communicable diseases can spread from one person to another and are caused by microscopic organisms that invade the body. Noncommunicable diseases are not communicated from person to person and do not have, or are not known to involve, infectious agents. Some diseases, such as the common cold, and come on suddenly and last for no more than a few weeks. Other diseases, such as arthritis, are chronic, consistent for months or years, or reoccur frequently. Every disease has certain characteristic effects on the body. Some of these effects, include fever, inflammation, pain, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and rashes, are evident to the patient. These symptoms offer important clues that help doctors and other health care professionals make a diagnosis. Many times, the symptoms point to several possible disorders. In those cases, doctors rely on medical tests, such as blood examinations and X rays, to confirm the diagnosis. Communicable diseases are caused by microscopic organisms. Physicians refer to these disease-causing organisms as pathogens. Pathogens that infect humans include a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and parasitic worms. Also, it has been theorized that some proteins called prions may cause infectious diseases. Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms at least 1 micron long. Some bacteria species are harmless to humans, many are beneficial. But some are pathogens, including those that cause cholera, diphtheria, leprosy, plague, pneumonia, strep throat, tetanus, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever. The bacteria that are harmless and live in or on you are called resident bateria. Viruses are tens or hundreds of times smaller than bacteria. They are not cellular, but consist of a core of genetic material surrounded by a protective coat of protein. Viruses are able to survive and reproduce only in the living cells of a host. Once a virus invades a living cell, it directs the cell to make new virus particles. These new viruses are released into the surrounding tissues, and seek out new cells to infect.

The standard of living is the measure of the material well being of the given population

The standard of living is the measure of the material well being of the given population. This would include things such as your properties, motors, incomes etc†¦. it covers anything that can be given a monetary values and excludes those that cannot e.g. happiness or luck. The standard of living is measured mainly by the GDP per capita and focuses on incomes this provides a general guide to the well -being – materialistically of the population in question. If the GDP were increasing this would suggest that the population is better off, there is more wealth within the economy, one may assume there is fuller employment and people are spending more as more is produced. If people are thought to be better off one assume this to signify that people are happier but this is not necessarily true but as this cannot be measured it has to be sidelined. Health is another important factor which is difficult to identify within monetary terms however there are different statistics which can be produced e.g. number of doctors per hospital etc†¦ when the standard f living is measure if comparing over time it will be adjusted for inflation and dealt with in real terms. There is the issue of the PPP adjustment, which must be taken to account when comparing internationally as goods and service cost more and less in other nations depending on their own resources, labour markets, and performance. In Helsinki the spending on heating is likely to be much higher than in Andalusia but this does not indicate a difference in the standard of living it is simply misguiding. National GDP figures hide significant regional variations in output, employment and incomes per head of population. Within each region there are also areas of relative prosperity contrasting with unemployment black-spots and deep-rooted social and economic deprivation. We need to analyse the balance between consumption and investment. If an economy devotes too many resources to satisfying the short run needs & wants of consumers, there may be insufficient resources for investment needed for long-term economic development. Faster economic growth might improve living standards today but lead to an over-exploitation of scarce finite economic resources thereby limiting future growth prospects. The principal problems with the GDP method are that it ignored the values of goods and services which are traded but left undeclared e.g. diy jobs and the black economy in some countries e.g. Italy the black economy is estimated to be near 35% and poses a great difficulty to governments trying to estimate the net income flow. It also fails to take into account the distribution of wealth e/g/ in Saudi Arabia the GDP is not particularly low but it is all concentrated among the hands of the wealthy sheiks and in parts there is extreme poverty because there is no ‘trickle effect' of the capital throughout the society as it is maintained. Furthermore it doesn't always take into account the improvements in technology for example 15 years ago a PC for $1000 will now be 10 times worse than one valued at $500 this is not because if increased living standard but change sin technology. Economic ‘bads' can increase the figure of the standard of living, even though the ‘quality of life' has decreased. For example traffic jams cause more petrol to be consumed but increase the income and output of a county. Also the environment can be damaged in this case, but one person may hold a higher value for the environment than another. These valuation problems apply to health and defense the output of these does not have a market price but the value is determined by the cost of producing them. The quality of life can also be over o under valued because say we take longer holidays output and income may fall but happiness will increase, similarly a crackdown on pollution by rise the prices of supply and therefore consumption but make our lives intrinsically more happy. Another method of measuring the living standard of an economy could be to examine the consumer durables. Thee can be anything from cars to washing machines to nice houses to computers. It is theorized that the more of these items you own the higher your standard of living would be. E.g. a man with 2 Bentleys and a Rolls Royce compared to a man with two skodas and a ford fiesta will be assumed to have higher standard of living. However sometimes it is difficult to compare some durables for instance TV's just because one is valued at more does it necessarily imply a better quality therefore even those who can afford it may not opt for the most costly. Also if I have seven flats in Norwich or one house in Kensington, which would make me, better off? Consumer durables also exclude savings and services, some people choose to accumulate their wealth as opposed to purchase consumer durables therefore it is not at all a clear indicator of the real standard of living. Compared to the GDP method it is extremely vague and inaccurate, the previous method is much more thorough and examines wealth in terms of cash and not goods for this latter method one needs to heavily account for consumer spending trends which can be extremely unpredictable. The third and final method is a non-monetary system of using the human development index. A measure of economic development The Human Development Report has been published by the United Nations each year since 1990. The report contains detailed statistical information on economic and social development indicators for virtually every country in the world. Among the hundreds of tables and charts we find the annual data on the Human Development Index and the Human Poverty Index. Both are simple measures of the extent to which living standards vary across countries. The HDI is constructed as an aggregate index of three components: education, income, and life expectancy at birth. The focus of the HDI is on the escape from poverty – defined as an HDI below 0.5. Here is a list of some of the social aspects that need to be considered o The number of patients per doctor – a measure of health provision in a country o Hospital waiting lists for important operations o The number of children per thousand of the population who die each year (infant mortality rates) o The average food intake per person (measured by average calorific intake) o The proportion of the population that can read or write – literacy rates o Average educational attainment at different age levels o Crime rates o Divorce rates These statistics should indicate what proportion of the population is enjoying a minimum standard of living although perceptions of what is needed for a basic quality of life vary. The figures could be misleading as in developing nations increases would imply better standards of living and more westernized countries would appear to be worse than they are. In conclusion I think the HDI is the best method to provide an overall picture of the economy and covers very many social aspects which are key to determining somebody's quality of life. The GDP method is the most reliable statistically and most through but the problems outlined are particularly heard to overcome in particular that of the black economy. The consumer durable methods is extremely inefficient ad indicates of nothing expect consumer spending patterns.